The Scoffer And The King
2/8/2026
Turn with me to Proverbs 20:24-25. These are our verses to study and memorize this week.
Proverbs 20:24-25 Man’s steps are ordained by the LORD, How then can man understand his way? 25 It is a trap for a man to say rashly, “It is holy!” And after the vows to make inquiry.
Introduction
In these verses we are continuing to look at the scoffing mocker’s wrong behavior in relation to God. Last time we saw that the scoffer mocker takes vengeance into his own hands rather than waiting on the Lord and trusting in Him for deliverance. We also saw that God hates the unjust ways that the scoffing mocker takes advantage of people. God sees all of his behaviors and will deal with them in His perfect timing and way.
In these verses we now see two more examples of the folly of the mocking scoffer. First, he disregards God’s sovereign and active involvement in people’s lives. Second, even where he does acknowledge God he treats Him in flippant, foolish, rash ways.
Have you ever had your life plans get completely turned upside down from how you thought things were supposed to turn out? Have you ever been left really confused about what you should even do or pursue in life? Our first proverb helps explain those kinds of situations, while also implicitly giving us direction on what to do.
Have you ever made hasty commitments without fully checking into what they would require of you? Have you ever made a foxhole prayer and told the Lord you would do or give Him something if He rescued you? Has someone else ever made a commitment to you or before you and then really fizzled out when it came time for them to be true to their word? A lot of marriages—even ones that do not end in divorce—probably fit into this category. Commitments were made, but are not being kept. Our second proverb shows us the unreliable and foolish behavior of the scoffing mocker in his commitments to God. In contrast to that, we will see the kind of integrity in behavior that should characterize God’s people and which builds up a society.
With that introduction, let’s take a look more closely now at Proverbs 20:24-25.
24 Man’s steps are ordained by the LORD, How then can man understand his way?
The Lord is sovereign over our lives, how then will people know what to do without His wisdom?
Two different words for “man” are used in this verse. The verb form of this first word for “man” has to do with being strong, prevailing, mighty. Thus, it has more of the nuance of a strong, powerful man in the midst of his vigor. This is a real man here, not some namby-pamby. The second one is a more generic word for man, person, or mankind. It is a very familiar word to us: “adam.” That is of course the same word as the name of the first man that God made. He made him from the dust of the ground, and that is where the root meaning of this word comes from— the ground. It is almost the same word “adumah.” With these two different words put together here in this proverb we get a contrasting emphasis. Since even a strong man’s steps are arranged by God, how can any other person—made by God from the dust of the ground—understand and determine their course of life apart from God?
They cannot. The scoffing mocker tries. But he will fail to truly live life in the way that it was designed to be lived if he ignores the One who made him and the very purposes for which he was made.
This is the foundational reality that needs to be grasped and lived in light of for a society to thrive and prosper. We have all been made by God for His purposes. In line with that, He still has sovereign control, guidance, and authority over our lives. He is the one ordaining our steps. Despite all of our sin and defiance and despite all our plans and efforts, somehow God’s guidance, intervention, and providential work ensures things ultimately come out where they are supposed to come out according to His plan on both the macro and micro levels.
Within that, He often allows our sin. He even uses our sin. Yet, He is not responsible for it. He Himself does not sin. Indeed, sometimes He judges sin directly and immediately. Other times He delays judging it until after people’s death. Even our worse sin or our strongest efforts cannot overrule His sovereign will and purposes. He will only let us go so far in our sin. Like Satan on his leash in his attacks against Job we may feel we have some leeway, but there are strict limits. How far? Only God knows in a particular situation, but many have found out when they have been called up short and stopped in their tracks.
How God specifically works His mercy and judgment in individual lives within His overall plan is at His discretion and decision. Likewise, how He fits the other details of our lives individually and specifically into His ordained plan is His mystery and also at His discretion. Through it all, be assured “Man’s steps are ordained by the Lord.” Whether we see it or not, God is sovereignly working.
Thus, on our own, we cannot understand our way. We cannot understand and know the twists and turns our lives will take. We cannot truly ever be the captains of our fate and the masters of our destiny. We are all under the sovereign oversight of God. We are subject to the active, direct, and indirect intervention of almighty God. This proverb declares that to us plainly and very specifically. God is not some absent, deistic, watchmaker God who just started things and left them running. He is so involved that we are unable to understand our lives and unable to truly direct what will happen to them. His sovereign authority, power, and actions overrule everything. He is God, and we are not.
For the scoffing mocker or the person running from God this is terrifying reality. We are not really in control over our health. We are not really in control over our families. We are not really in control over our jobs. We are not really in control over our retirement plans. We are not really in control over food, fires, famine, shelter, or the weather. We are not in control over what accidents may happen, what wars may start, what crimes may be committed against us, or when or how death will touch our lives.
For those who want or try to be sovereign over their lives it is a lifelong losing battle to try to keep the illusion of their control in place. When it cracks, so do they. Fatalism, depression, hedonism, obsessive preparationism (or workaholic behavior) are all common responses.
Instead of fatalism, we should have a humbled trust in God’s perfect plans. Instead of depression, we should have contented trust and cooperation with God’s perfect plans. Instead of hedonism, we should have godly enjoyment of good pleasures used within His perfect plan. Instead of obsessive preparationism or being a workaholic, we should have wise planning in accordance with God’s stated plans for our lives, purpose, and future.
What this proverb should push us to do is honestly evaluate where we are at in relation to God’s sovereignty. Then it should push us to seek out His wisdom and plan. As we know His wisdom, and what He has revealed about His plans and purposes for this world we can live in line with them. Even if we will not fully understand how they will work out in our lives we can still live in trust and cooperation with God’s plans. That is the wisdom of this proverb. Instead of trying to make our own lives what we want them to be—like the scoffing mocker does—we should live in light of God’s sovereign plan for them.
Put into the context of our surrounding proverbs, this verse gives us the reason that we are not to take vengeance into our own hands, that we are to wait on the Lord, and that we are to trust Him to save us. Why? He is sovereignly and actively involved in our lives and in the world with a specific purpose and plan that He is orchestrating. We should work with His plan; not fight against it. Likewise, because He is ordaining our steps He also sees every one of the injustices that are committed against us, and the ones we commit. Therefore, we can be confident in His dealing with it all, whether it is immediate or delayed. It is all being taken into account within His plans. We will not be able to take it all into account and understand it, but God does. Thus, we should seek His wisdom on what He is doing and why He is doing it rather than trying to sovereignly take control of it ourselves.
The scoffing mocker will not understand his way apart from God’s wisdom and work. The wise person, as he seeks God’s wisdom and work, will understand it enough to know what to do and how to respond—even if he still cannot fully understand what will come and all that God is doing.
Our proverb does not focus as much on our response as it does on declaring the reality of these truths. It is one of the rarer proverbs that has a question in it instead of a resolution. It means to leave us in the agony of the conflict that the truth of the first part of the proverb raises. God is sovereign. We are not sovereign. This has unending implications for our lives. At the very foundational level we are not going to understand our lives apart from God. Even in seeking Him, we are not always going to understand our way or His working.
If we do not understand our lives, if we are enduring confusion, disappointment, aimlessness, discouragement, despondency, frustration at the way life is going, hopelessness at our health or the things we cannot change, then we are dealing with the dissonant reality of our lack of control. That is an important and good start. This proverb then leaves us to wrestle with the essential question for all of life. What are we going to do about this? If we do not ask the question, and if we do not go back to dealing with the sovereignty of God then we will not have wisdom. We will not truly know how to live life or how to respond to what we do not understand. We will remain scoffing mockers who bring destruction instead of good.
Where do you fall? Do you ignore God’s sovereignty? Do you respond to it with one of the extremes of the scoffing mocker who refuses to follow God? Will you continue the vain rat race of pretending there is some way you can keep up the illusion of your sovereignty through your own efforts and pursuits? If so, I would urge you. Give it up. Then turn to God. Look for His purposes for life and this world. Learn what He is doing and humbly surrender to His work, to His salvation, to His redemption, and to His future plan of re-creation. This is the only way you will be able to come to an accurate understanding of your way, of your place, of your purpose, and of God’s ordained plan for your life.
No, we will not understand every particular. We will not perfectly understand everything which He allows or does. But, we will be able to see the big picture. We will be able to work in line with that and trust God when He redirects, closes, and changes things. We will be able to be content and fulfilled in Jesus knowing that the same love for us which led Him to the cross also continues to oversee our lives.
In God’s wisdom we will be able to live in line with Proverbs 16:9.
Proverbs 16:9 The mind of man plans his way, But the LORD directs his steps.
We will still make plans, but we will hold them in an open hand before God. We will have peace letting Him direct our steps as we move forward in life. Proverbs 19:21 reiterates this.
Proverbs 19:21 Many plans are in a man’s heart, But the counsel of the LORD will stand.
God designed us to make plans. But He also designed us to submit them to Him and be in line with His purposes. As we do that we will be able to rejoice despite many of our plans failing to come to pass. We will trust that His plans are best and that they take into account all of the things that we do not understand.
The immediately following verses in Proverbs 19 also highlight some key principles that are much more important than our plans coming to pass. They are helpful in wrestling through our response.
Proverbs 19:22-23 What is desirable in a man is his kindness [chesed], And it is better to be a poor man than a liar. 23 The fear of the LORD leads to life, So that one may sleep satisfied, untouched by evil.
God’s has a higher concern than us understanding the details of His plans. It is the development of our character and our behavior within our circumstances. What is truly desirable for a man is to be a man of chesed, a man of loyal, loving-kindness who fears the Lord. God wants us to be holy people who live in light of Him in everything that we do. Are you this kind of person? God cares more about us being righteous than rich. God cares more about us being content in Him, keeping evil from touching our soul, and having eternal life than preventing pain, eliminating persecution, or giving us a “good life” now. Make your plans, but trust in God’s plan. See His perspective and purpose for your life. Pursue that.
Scriptural Example: When we look to Scripture for an example of this proverb, Nebuchadnezzar provides us a negative example of the scoffing mocker who does not understand it and does not live in light of it. God gave him a number of dreams and visions. God gave him Daniel to interpret them. God gave him an understanding of future kingdoms (Daniel 2). He gave him mighty power and authority as king. God also gave him the miracle of the fiery furnace to remind him who was truly God (Daniel 3). Yet, despite getting a specific warning to not exalt himself and be proud (Daniel 4), he still exalted himself in his heart and mind. He took credit for the power, glory, and majesty of Babylon. God then struck him dumb like an animal until he would recognize that “the most High is ruler over the realm of mankind and bestows it on whomever He wishes” (Daniel 4:32). At the end of that 7 years (or 7 periods of time) this is what he finally proclaimed about God:
Daniel 4:34b-35 …His dominion is an everlasting dominion, And His kingdom endures from generation to generation. 35 “All the inhabitants of the earth are accounted as nothing, But He does according to His will in the host of heaven And among the inhabitants of earth; And no one can ward off His hand Or say to Him, ‘What have You done?’
The power of man is but an illusion before the almighty power of God. It is God’s plans that will come to pass. It is God’s will that will be accomplished.
Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Attila the Hun, Genghis Khan, Napoleon Bonaparte, Lenin, Mao, and many others may have thought themselves great leaders. But all of them are dead and gone now, with no power whatsoever. Our modern leaders, Putin, Xi, Trump, Zelensky, Maduro, Macron, Starmer, Netanyahu, Khamenei, and all the others will come and go. God remains, and is sovereign over everything.
Proverb in Comparison: When we compare this proverb with the rest of Scripture we see His sovereignty and His involvement with our lives extends even to before we were born.
Psalm 139:13-16 For You formed my inward parts; You wove me in my mother’s womb. 14 I will give thanks to You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; Wonderful are Your works, And my soul knows it very well. 15 My frame was not hidden from You, When I was made in secret, And skillfully wrought in the depths of the earth; 16 Your eyes have seen my unformed substance; And in Your book were all written The days that were ordained for me, When as yet there was not one of them.
God ordained our days before any of them even existed. Beyond this, God also foreordained and chose those who would believe in Him before the foundation of the world. He determined that we would be holy and blameless before Him in love. He predestined our very adoption as His children through Jesus Christ to Himself. That is what God directly proclaims He did in Ephesians 1:4-5. Without that intervention we would all have continued on in our slavery to sin and in our deadness in relationship to Him. We would all have kept choosing sin in direct line with our sin nature. Then we all would have received His eternal just judgment. Thanks be to God that He opens peoples eyes, raises them from the dead, and enables them to believe. He loves the whole world and does this for people from every nation, tribe, and language. Without that our situations would all be equally hopeless. If you doubt any of this, remember what Ephesians 2:8 says. Even our faith is a gift from God. As dead in our sins none of our salvation originated in ourselves. He predestined, foreordained, chose, regenerated, gave us faith, and saved us.
Beyond that, God is also the one who has ordained the good works that we carry out as Christians. Ephesians 2:10 clarifies that.
Ephesians 2:10 For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand so that we would walk in them.
He is the one who enables our good works as Christians. He is the one who sanctifies us. He is the one who works within us to even desire to do His good pleasure.
Philippians 1:6b …He who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of Christ Jesus.
Philippians 2:13 for it is God who is at work in you, both to will and to work for His good pleasure.
God is intimately involved in our world to save sinners from the destruction that we have brought upon ourselves. He sent Jesus to do what we could not do in paying for our sins and in bringing righteousness to all those who believe in Him. God is also intimately involved in our lives as Christians to make us holy and to involve us in His worldwide work of redemption. He sent His Holy Spirit to work in our lives and do what we cannot do in becoming holy and in serving Him. Through it all, God is intimately involved in saving us from our sin, in ordaining our steps, in enabling our new life serving Him, and in bringing us safely to our eternal home with Him.
Truth in Connection: Because God is doing much more in this world and in our lives than we will ever understand we will not ever be able to fully understand our way during our time here. Yet, as we apply this proverb to our lives, we can realize that He has given us a lot that we can know and understand.
Indeed, we are promised in 2 Timothy 3:16-17 that God’s Word truly gives us everything that we need for all of life and godliness.
2 Timothy 3:16-17 All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; 17 so that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work.
In Scripture we find the history of God’s original creation of us in His image and of our failed stewardship of His good creation. We find God’s declaration of right and wrong and see our corporate and individual violation of that. We find our hopeless situation as sinners who cannot save ourselves. We find God’s judgment and God’s means of salvation through Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection on our behalf. We find of God’s recreation of us as new creatures through faith in Jesus. We find of God’s purpose for us in the church in making disciples of all nations. We see God’s purpose for us in being ambassadors of His reconciliation through the good news of the gospel.
We see of God’s purpose for us at all the different ages of our lives with our responsibilities to our parents, to our children, to fellow believers, and to the world. We see our responsibilities to work, provide for our needs, serve others, and be peaceful, faithful citizens as far as depends on us. We see of the persecution that we will face as godly followers of Jesus. We see of our responsibility to live and die well, faithful until the end. We see of Christ’s future return to this earth, of God’s judgment of this world, and then of His recreation of it.
As we look more closely at all these things we see God’s purpose for each of our lives more clearly. No, we do not see the details of how it will all play out in our specific circumstances and situation. But, we do see enough to trust Him with all the ups and downs and to trust Him for all of the outcomes that might temporarily affect our lives before we got to be with Him eternally.
Will we trust God’s sovereignty over our lives? Will we trust Him as our Lord and Savior from our sin? Will we trust Him for His daily purpose and plan for our lives as His adopted children? Will we trust Him with our suffering, with our blessings, with our discouragements, with our joys, and everything in between? Will we trust Him with the life and death of our children, our spouses, and even our own death? Will we trust Him with our jobs, with our possessions, with our trials, with our future, with where He wants us to serve Him, with how He wants us to serve Him. Will we trust Him with everything?
Or, will we follow the well-worn trail of the scoffing mocker and in futility try to be the sovereign and master of our own lives? Will we worry and doubt? Will we be angry at Him and turn against Him? Will we give up when we do not get what we want in our time and way? We will face all of these temptations, struggles, and more. May we keep trusting in God’s sovereignty, and in the loving goodness of Jesus who went to the cross for our salvation. Hold onto these truths when you cannot understand anything else about the why’s and the hardships of your situation. Hold onto God’s character and His love. Hold onto, search out, and seek God’s wisdom from His Word.
We will only understand our way inasmuch as we understand God’s purpose for our lives as He has declared it to us in His Word. May we not be blinded by our pride, our pain, our plans, or our self-sufficiency, but rather humbly trust God and seek His wisdom. In the end, we are being called to take up our cross daily and follow Jesus. We are to account our earthly lives as but nothing, in favor of the eternal life that God has given to us in Jesus Christ. That is what is worth holding onto. That is what will remain when everything else in our lives slips through our fingers.
One of the ways we can see whether we take God’s sovereignty seriously is in how we use our words. Our next proverb deals with that.
25 It is a trap for a man to say rashly, “It is holy!” And after the vows to make inquiry.
Committing to do something or quickly proclaiming something to be consecrated to God—all without proper investigation—leads to great problems when the truth comes out.
The scoffing mocker may have come to the point of giving lip service to there being a “higher power” or a God who is sovereignly in control of things beyond their ability. Yet, even still, they do not practically live in light of that truth in their actual behavior. When they do not truly live in the fear of the Lord it will be seen in their words.
Our proverb details one of the ways this would have occurred in Solomon’s day (cf. also Proverbs 17:15 and 18:13). Back then it was common to make vows and dedicate a portion of one’s belongings or income to the Lord. The law, in Leviticus 27 and Numbers 30, gave guidance on how this would work and how a vow could be fulfilled or redeemed depending on whether it was for a house, a person, a field, or an animal.
These vows were called votive offerings. They were a kind of free will offering that was voluntarily made to God but was conditional in some way. You would be promising that if the Lord rescued you or gave you something or did something or caused something to happen, then you would make some kind of specific offering to Him. For example, as Jacob fled Esau’s anger he made this kind of vow at Bethel after seeing the vision of the ladder into heaven. Jacob promised that if God protected him, provided his needs, and eventually returned him to his father Isaac then the Lord would be His God and he would give the Lord a tenth of all that God gave to him (Genesis 28:20-22).
Our proverb warns us of a problem with this kind of vow. Sometimes people would rashly make such a vow and then only afterwards take time to investigate the matter or see how their vow would actually affect them. That carelessness could put them into quite the bind.
The scoffing mocker would not really take God or his words before Him seriously. So he would be much more likely to speak rashly in the excitement of the moment and commit to things without thinking through the consequences. Beyond that, the thoughtless person could also very easily fall into this kind of behavior. When they did that they could end up getting themselves into a hard situation where they would either have to break their promise to God or fulfill it in a very hard way which would be very damaging to them.
Either way that this occurred it would not good for a nation. If you end up having a lot of untrustworthy people who do not keep their vows to God, people will not end up truly being followers of God and they will not be trustworthy to keep their word with each other. That will be damaging. Likewise, if a lot of people are making vows which completely impoverish them or put them at risk of starvation, then a nation is also not going to be flourishing very well.
Scriptural Example: In Scripture we see an example of this kind of rash vow with one of Israel’s early judges in Judges 11. Jephthah promised that if God gave the Ammonites into his hand in the battle whatever came out of his house first upon his return would be offered to the Lord as a burnt offering. Unfortunately, it was not one of the animals that were stabled on the first floor that came out of his house when he came home after his victory. It was his only daughter. What a tragic heartache that became!
In a bit more positive way, Hannah, Samuel’s mother, also made a vow to the Lord. In her barrenness she vowed to the Lord that if He gave her a son she would give him to the Lord all the days of his life. No razor would touch his head. He would be totally consecrated to the Lord from birth. The Lord gave her a son. Despite how amazingly hard it must have been, she followed through and gave him to the priests to raise once he was weaned. Samuel was to serve God at the tabernacle and help the priests. He did, and became the famous prophet of Israel who faithfully served God and transitioned Israel from being ruled by judges to having kings. That vow, though, must have been excruciating to keep. She gave up her beloved first-born son to serve the Lord. The Lord continued to bless her and gave her other children after that. Regardless, it is hard to imagine how difficult it must have been to keep this vow.
Proverb in Comparison: When we compare this proverb with the rest of Scripture we see Jesus dealt with the abuses and problems of vows with a return to the simplification of the way things ought to be in Matthew 5:33-37.
Matthew 5:33-37 “Again, you have heard that the ancients were told, ‘YOU SHALL NOT MAKE FALSE VOWS, BUT SHALL FULFILL YOUR VOWS TO THE LORD.’ 34 “But I say to you, make no oath at all, either by heaven, for it is the throne of God, 35 or by the earth, for it is the footstool of His feet, or by Jerusalem, for it is THE CITY OF THE GREAT KING. 36 “Nor shall you make an oath by your head, for you cannot make one hair white or black. 37 “But let your statement be, ‘Yes, yes’ or ‘No, no’; anything beyond these is of evil.
In Mark 7:8-13 Jesus also rebuked the religious leaders for the way that they used oaths to God in order to get around their responsibilities to honor their parents. They made so called “corban” vows where something was somehow temporarily dedicated to the Lord and thus not available to use to help their parents in their times of need. Vows to God were not meant to be broken and they were not meant to be used to get around obeying God in other ways.
All of these situations where vows were rashly made without consideration, or made to avoid obedience to God actually show a lack of respect for God. If we truly respect Him, we will not take the words that we promise before Him lightly. We will think carefully before we commit to things. We will keep our word both to God and to people made in His image. We will not use our words to manipulate and cheat people. We will have a high regard for God’s sovereignty, His omniscience, and His justice. We will be fully aware that God will hold us to account for what we do and say. If we truly believe in God’s sovereignty we will not make vows we break. We will think before we speak. We will make sure what we says is honest and right. We will keep our word.
Truth in Connection: As we connect this to our lives we need to make sure that our trust in God’s sovereignty is not just empty words, but actually affects the way that we use our words. We may not make a lot of vows before God exactly like these freewill offerings, but we do still use our words to make commitments. People sometimes still do make so-called foxhole bargains with God. We do still make marriage vows before God. We do still vow to tell the truth in a court of law. People often still give their word to pay back home loans, vehicle loans, credit card loans, and business loans. In all that we do and say, we need to take our words before God seriously and fulfill what we have committed to do. Otherwise, we ought not make those commitments. Our “yes” ought to be our “yes,” and our “no,” “no.”
If you are not going to stay faithful to your spouse, then do not get married. If you are not going to love, cherish, protect, lead (or submit) to your spouse your whole life, then do not commit to doing so. Do not get married. Stay single and focus on serving God that way. But if you do get married, then keep your vow before God no matter how hard it is. It does not matter how frustrated we get, or whether our “feelings” come and go. Divorce, abuse, manipulation, cheating, and hate are not options before God within the vow that we made to love and cherish them. Love does what is best for the other person regardless of the cost to oneself.
Likewise, if you commit to taking a loan, then you had better make sure you have the means to pay it back. You had better work hard to have the means to pay it back. Be a person of your word. If in doubt, wait. Save up. Pay for it in full after you have earned it. In everything very carefully consider a matter before speak about it, before you commit to doing something, or before giving your word. Do not wait to investigate a matter until after you have already promised. Understand it fully before your make a vow. Do not play games with your word. God sees any lies or justifications that we make to excuse breaking a vow. That kind of living is the way of the scoffing mocker. It ruins relationships, undermines a nation, and is not God’s way of wisdom that enables a community to thrive and prosper.
How do you use your words? Do you keep your vows? Do you check your situations carefully before making statements or commitments? Do you honestly believe in God’s sovereignty and involvement in your life? It will be reflected in our words if we do. Does our “yes” truly mean “yes”, and our “no” truly mean “no”? May it be so.
Thanks be to God that His “yes” truly is “yes” and He keeps His word. He went to the cross, took our sin upon Himself, died, and rose again. Then He promised to give eternal life to all those who believe in Him as Lord and Savior. Have you repented of your sin and trusted Him as Lord and Savior? He is trustworthy. He will keep His Word to save you if you turn to Him. He will also keep His word to come back again, take His people to be with Him forever, and judge the rest of the world eternally for its unrepentant sin. His “no” will also be “no.” Do not wait until it is too late. Trust Him, and then let Him transform your life into being a person of faithful words as you trust in His sovereignty.
Conclusion
If you have any questions on any of this or want help in coming to know Jesus as your Lord and Savior please come talk with us. We are available. Let’s pray.
© 2026, Kevin A. Dodge, All rights reserved.
Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations taken from the New American Standard Bible® (NASB),Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. www.Lockman.org
English (US) · 