10/5/2025
Turn with me to Proverbs 19:25-20:1. These are our verses to continue studying and memorizing.
Proverbs 19:25-20:1 Strike a scoffer and the naive may become shrewd, But reprove one who has understanding and he will gain knowledge. 26 He who assaults his father and drives his mother away Is a shameful and disgraceful son. 27 Cease listening, my son, to discipline, And you will stray from the words of knowledge. 28 A rascally witness makes a mockery of justice, And the mouth of the wicked spreads iniquity. 29 Judgments are prepared for scoffers, And blows for the back of fools. 20:1 Wine is a mocker, strong drink a brawler, And whoever is intoxicated by it is not wise.
Introduction
These verses introduce us to Proverbs 19:25-22:16. This lengthy new section will teach us about the character and integrity that society needs to thrive. The major threat to that is the mocking scoffer who defies God’s design for life, the family, and government. Thus a major facet of these verses will be to help us learn lessons from the follies of the scoffer’s way of life. They will help us know how to deal with them within society, and what to beware of to keep from becoming scoffers ourselves.
Our introduction helpfully starts with the reiterated new section reminders of the importance of being teachable, and of honoring one’s parents. Within these verses there is also an alternating pattern of a problematic behavior and then the needed solution.
First we saw the lazy sluggard of Proverbs 19:24. He will not complete what he starts. The solution is found in Proverbs 19:25. He needs discipline. The intensity of the discipline needed will depend on how teachable one is.
In Proverbs 19:26 we then saw the problematic behavior of the shameful son who assaults his parents, driving them away. In Proverbs 19:27 we are given sarcastic, scoffing-like guidance which will also show us the solution to that problem. We are told to stop listening to discipline so that we can stray from words of knowledge. For the one who wants to be wise instead of being a scoffer, the opposite of that sarcastic command is what is needed. We need to listen to God’s words of wisdom by paying attention to the discipline we receive instead of attacking those communicating it to us.
Proverbs 19:28 gave us another set of problematic behaviors: false witnessing and delighting in iniquity which characterizes the way of the scoffer. Here in Proverbs 19:29 we will now see God’s and society’s solution to that. Judgments and punishment have been designed to stop those wicked behaviors.
Finally Proverbs 20:1 will conclude the introduction by giving one more problematic behavior that characterizes and produces scoffers: intoxicated drunkenness. That too needs to be stopped by the judgment and punishment. Lord willing we will look at the issue of intoxication next time.
Have you ever wondered what to do about those who blatantly defy God, the authorities over them, or the law itself? Have you ever felt helpless, frustrated, and angry as you saw other people’s wrong behaviors? Have you ever wondered what could even be done about it? Proverbs 19:29 gives us both what God is doing about the scoffer’s way of life as well as wisdom for how to deal with it within society. Let’s take a look at what it says.
29 Judgments are prepared for scoffers, And blows for the back of fools.
Consequences have been designed for those who defy what is right. Punishments have been set for those who live as if God, government, and right and wrong do not exist.
The solution to the injustice that we saw in the last proverb—of false witnesses who make a mockery of justice and of those who delight in wickedness—is seen in this verse. Their sin will find them out. The consequences will eventually arrive because judgments have been pre-ordained by God.
Just like in our English translation where it says that the judgments “are prepared” the Hebrew fully backs that up.1 This is an already established reality which will happen to scoffers. God has predetermined the just judgments that will come upon those determined to pursue their sin. There is no need for guessing. There is no need for wondering. The consequences have been set. Their fate is sure.
In Proverbs, the scoffer is one who is hardened, intentional, and committed in their sin. This is not just the naïve. This is the fool who says in his heart, as Psalm 14 (53) talks about, that there is no God. It is the one who maybe acknowledges God’s existence, but outright refuses to obey Him and do what is right. He continues to live as if God does not exist. It is the one who twists the truth to fit how he wants to live. In Psalm 1, this is the third and final category of one moving under sin’s influence and control.
Psalm 1:1 How blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked, Nor stand in the path of sinners, Nor sit in the seat of scoffers!
These kinds of people know what is right and intentionally choose to go the other way. They are defying God, government, and righteousness with high-handed sin. Their doom is assured because they will not repent. Their judgments are simply awaiting fulfillment. Ultimately, all who defy God become scoffers, so this is something that we all need to deal with in our lives to avoid. Sin hardens our hearts, grows worse, and has consequences.
As Waltke highlights, the judgment referred to here is not talking about a discipline which is trying to cause them to learn. They are beyond that. Rather, this is talking about God’s justice. This is the just punishment that they deserve for their behaviors.2 This justice ultimately traces back to God, and will be completely fulfilled in His eternal judgment. However, the mention of “blows for the back of fools” also reminds us of the temporal judgment in this life that often comes upon those who live this way. Just societies have laws with predetermined, physical consequences that come upon those who break them. In this kind of society the scoffer will not get away with their defiance.
This just judgment is how God deals with sin, and it is also how a society needs to deal with it in order to thrive. The intentionally defiant, mocking scoffer needs to be dealt with by predetermined, just punishments. While it may not cause them to learn, it will cause the naïve and wise person to benefit (as we noted when we looked at Proverbs 19:25). They will see and learn. They will hear and be teachable. They will avoid this destructive way of life. In so doing, society will be protected from those ways of life expanding and bringing about its downfall.
While we may not always be able to tell when someone has crossed a line into becoming a heard-hearted, unrepentant scoffer, their response to their judgments will ultimately reveal that. If they are teachable and turn from their wicked ways, then they were not ultimately a foolish mocker. If they do not repent, but persist in their defiance of God then truly they were.
If you are flirting with this reality of being a scoffing mocker, please realize before it is too late that God has set out the predetermined judgment that will come upon all those who remain in their sin! This proverb warns that judgment has been laid out and awaits fulfillment. None will get away with their defiance of God. “The wages of sin is death” (Romans 6:23). “It is appointed for men to die once and after this comes judgment” (Hebrews 9:27).
Jesus warned of this in Matthew 13. After telling a parable where tares (wheat look-a-like weeds) were sown among true wheat, Jesus proclaimed these sobering truths in Matthew 13:40-42.
Matthew 13:40-42 “So just as the tares are gathered up and burned with fire, so shall it be at the end of the age. 41 “The Son of Man will send forth His angels, and they will gather out of His kingdom all stumbling blocks, and those who commit lawlessness, 42 and will throw them into the furnace of fire; in that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
Revelation 20:15 reiterates this in its statement about what will happen to all those who have not trusted in Jesus for eternal life when God’s final great white throne judgment occurs.
Revelation 20:15 And if anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.
This is the judgment that awaits all of the scoffers and mockers who defy God. To us people might seem to vary in the exact extent of their heard-heartedness and rebellion against God within this life. To God nothing is hidden and nothing can be unjustly excused or ignored. Ultimately all those who continue defying His perfect standards of righteousness, and who refuse to repent and trust in His free gift of redemption prove themselves at the last to be proud, mocking scoffers. They would rather hold onto their sin and pretend to be the god of their life than humble themselves before the one, true, Holy God and receive His forgiveness and love in Jesus. This will result in them receiving God’s predetermined, just, eternal judgment in the lake of fire. That is not a fate that any person with any shred of wisdom would want to receive. To get around this, the fool denies its reality. They make excuses. They put their head in the sand and deny that they will be accountable to the God who made them. They pretend that no one made them, that they came into being out of nothing, and that they are accountable to no one.
There is only one way to avoid God’s just judgment. Jesus said, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life, no one comes to the Father but through Me.” We must humble ourselves before God, acknowledge our sin, turn from it to Jesus, and trust Him as our Lord and our Savior. Only in what He did on the cross in taking our sin and penalty upon Himself can any of us be forgiven and receive His righteousness. We must trust Him for this free, undeserved gift. We must trust Him for this eternal life, for this forgiveness, and for this amazing loving-kindness. He rose from the dead, proving that His words and sacrifice were true and sufficient. Trust Him.
On the human level within society, righteous justice is also what is needed to deal with the scoff-law, with the defiant mocker, and with the one who commits wickedness. Justice being carried out warns those who are not yet confirmed in their evil to change their ways so that they do not end up receiving the same consequences of the wicked fool. Justice is needed to prevent wickedness from proliferating and from dragging a society into anarchy and ruin. This is what is needed for a society to thrive.
On the personal level, knowing that God-ordained governments have made laws against evil with predetermined consequences should prevent us from going into those ways of living. It should also keep us from attempting to vengefully take justice into our own hands.
Building on that, God’s predetermined judgment of sin is why God tells His people in both Romans 12:19 and Hebrews 10:30 that “Vengeance is mine, I will repay.” (cf. Deuteronomy 32:35-36) With His perfect holiness and righteousness God will not ignore sin. We can trust Him for this. Nahum 1:2-9 highlights the certainty and reality of God’s judgment of sin in its prophecy of Nineveh’s destruction.
Nahum 1:2-9 The LORD is a zealous and avenging God; the LORD is avenging and very angry. The LORD takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies. 3 The LORD is slow to anger but great in power; the LORD will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished. He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet. 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.
5 The mountains tremble before him, the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him, the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste. 6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches. 7 The LORD is good – indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him. 8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness. 9 Whatever you plot against the LORD, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time.
That is a fierce picture of the judgment that God has prepared for the defiant scoffer. He will not allow the wicked to go unpunished. Yet, in the midst of that, there is also the glimpse of God’s mercy, grace, and help to those who turn to Him and seek refuge in Him. The Lord is good, a fortress in time of distress. By repenting and turning to Jesus as our savior, lord, and refuge, those who deserve this judgment can be forgiven, protected, and receive eternal life. May we not be among those who become scoffing fools who reap God’s predetermined judgment. May we rather be among those who humble themselves before His holy justice and receive His undeserved, loving, gracious mercy through the free gift of salvation in Jesus.
Scriptural Example: In Scripture we see quite a number of examples of God’s predetermined judgment upon the defiant, scoffing fool. We see it in the largest way with the flood judgment. According to Genesis 6:5, “every intent of the thoughts of his [mankind’s] heart was only evil continually.” With that kind of perverse depravity present God poured out His judgment on the whole world and destroyed it all—except Noah and his family who were not like that. They trusted God and followed His way of redemption.
We also see this kind of hard-hearted defiance of God in Pharaoh during the Exodus. He defied God and would not let His people leave Egypt. Sodom and Gomorrah exhibited this kind of wickedness when they continued trying to homosexually assault the angelic visitors to Lot despite God having blinded them. Because of all their great, defiant wickedness’s God destroyed them with fire and brimstone. We also see this in the similar behavior of the Benjaminites in the book of Judges. Almost the whole tribe ended up annihilated when they defended the wicked behaviors that occurred.
In the New Testament we see an example of the judgments prepared for scoffers in what happened to Herod Agrippa in Acts 12:21-23. He defied God and accepted praise that he was a god. He died miserably by being eaten by worms.
We also see this behavior and consequence in the parable of the rich fool who decided to store up treasure for himself and was not rich towards God. He lived as if God did not exist. He aimed to build himself bigger barns and live for his own ease and pleasure. Instead, his soul was required of him that night. His judgment came, and nothing could stop it (Luke 12:16-21).
Proverb in Comparison: When we compare this proverb with the rest of Scripture, we see these truths of God’s predestined judgments reconfirmed in both the Old and New Testament. Psalm 9:7-10 puts it this way:
Psalm 9:7-10 But the LORD abides forever; He has established His throne for judgment, 8 And He will judge the world in righteousness; He will execute judgment for the peoples with equity. 9 The LORD also will be a stronghold for the oppressed, A stronghold in times of trouble; 10 And those who know Your name will put their trust in You, For You, O LORD, have not forsaken those who seek You.
God’s throne of judgment has been established. It is a completed reality that will have future ramifications for all those who wickedly defy Him and who do not repent and seek Him.
Romans 9:13-33 gives us the clearest picture of this truth in a way that is quite humbling to our pride, and quite revealing about God’s predetermined judgment upon the wicked. It also highlights how deep the actual wickedness and depravity of mankind goes.
Romans 9:13-33 Just as it is written, “JACOB I LOVED, BUT ESAU I HATED.” 14 What shall we say then? There is no injustice with God, is there? May it never be! 15 For He says to Moses, “I WILL HAVE MERCY ON WHOM I HAVE MERCY, AND I WILL HAVE COMPASSION ON WHOM I HAVE COMPASSION.” 16 So then it does not depend on the man who wills or the man who runs, but on God who has mercy. 17 For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, “FOR THIS VERY PURPOSE I RAISED YOU UP, TO DEMONSTRATE MY POWER IN YOU, AND THAT MY NAME MIGHT BE PROCLAIMED THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE EARTH.” 18 So then He has mercy on whom He desires, and He hardens whom He desires. 19 You will say to me then, “Why does He still find fault? For who resists His will?” 20 On the contrary, who are you, O man, who answers back to God? The thing molded will not say to the molder, “Why did you make me like this,” will it? 21 Or does not the potter have a right over the clay, to make from the same lump one vessel for honorable use and another for common use? 22 What if God, although willing to demonstrate His wrath and to make His power known, endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction? 23 And He did so to make known the riches of His glory upon vessels of mercy, which He prepared beforehand for glory, 24 even us, whom He also called, not from among Jews only, but also from among Gentiles. 25 As He says also in Hosea, “I WILL CALL THOSE WHO WERE NOT MY PEOPLE, ‘MY PEOPLE,’ AND HER WHO WAS NOT BELOVED, ‘BELOVED.’” 26 “AND IT SHALL BE THAT IN THE PLACE WHERE IT WAS SAID TO THEM, ‘YOU ARE NOT MY PEOPLE,’ THERE THEY SHALL BE CALLED SONS OF THE LIVING GOD.” 27 Isaiah cries out concerning Israel, “THOUGH THE NUMBER OF THE SONS OF ISRAEL BE LIKE THE SAND OF THE SEA, IT IS THE REMNANT THAT WILL BE SAVED; 28 FOR THE LORD WILL EXECUTE HIS WORD ON THE EARTH, THOROUGHLY AND QUICKLY.” 29 And just as Isaiah foretold, “UNLESS THE LORD OF SABAOTH HAD LEFT TO US A POSTERITY, WE WOULD HAVE BECOME LIKE SODOM, AND WOULD HAVE RESEMBLED GOMORRAH.” 30 What shall we say then? That Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, attained righteousness, even the righteousness which is by faith; 31 but Israel, pursuing a law of righteousness, did not arrive at that law. 32 Why? Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as though it were by works. They stumbled over the stumbling stone, 33 just as it is written, “BEHOLD, I LAY IN ZION A STONE OF STUMBLING AND A ROCK OF OFFENSE, AND HE WHO BELIEVES IN HIM WILL NOT BE DISAPPOINTED.”
God has predetermined His judgment, and His mercy. None can resist His will. None even have a right to talk back to God and call Him unjust! God has perfectly, good, righteous, and just purposes in all that He does. Unless God had been merciful, all of us would have been justly judged like Sodom and Gomorrah.
The reason that all of this is so fair and just and that we have no excuses before God was even more carefully discussed earlier in the book of Romans. Since we jumped in reading at chapter 9 it is worth reminding ourselves in brief of some key points. In Adam and Eve all of us are born sinners (Romans 5:12). That is our nature. All have also sinned and fallen short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23). Likewise, on our own none of us understand or even seek after God (Romans 3:10-12). Sin has thoroughly infected us to the core of our beings. We are depraved sinners in defiance of God. The bottom line is that all of us—every single one of us—fully deserve God’s eternal judgment. Because of that, if we got what was fair and just, that is exactly what we would all get. We would all be consigned to the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah. Therefore, it is purely 100% by God’s mercy and grace that anyone at all is saved.
It is a completely undeserved, amazing grace for God to pluck some people out of that impending judgment, to raise them from the dead spiritually, to give them the faith to believe, and to show them undeserved mercy at His own expense with Jesus’ work on the cross. His provision of mercy to some, though, by no means makes Him unjust for judging the rest. They will not receive anything worse than they justly deserve. Nor is it unjust for Him to delay some of His punishment or to harden and use those under His judgment as part of His means to bring some others to mercy. It is graciousness on His part that He would save any, or delay punishment at all to others as He worked out good to redeem those He had chosen.
Given these truths, we starkly see that every believer owes everything to God. We were dead in our trespasses and sins, separated from Him, separated from His eternal life, and alienated from His goodness. We were under His judgment, destined to eternity in the lake of fire. We could in no way rescue ourselves, did not even truly want it, and did not deserve anything but what was coming to us. Then, while we were yet His enemies, Christ died for us (Romans 5:8-10). God made us alive. He opened our eyes to the truth of His love and salvation. He even gave us the faith to believe (Ephesians 2:8-9). In that faith we trusted Him and He saved us on the basis of all that Jesus had done. His predetermined just judgment was still carried out, but it was carried out by Jesus bearing it for us on the cross. Everyone else will still receive that judgment upon themselves as they deserve and as God has justly determined. We have nothing whatsoever in which to boast. Likewise, they have nothing whatsoever in which to complain. For those who have eyes to see, these are sobering, humbling truths which exalt God’s grace.
Truth in Connection: As we apply this proverb to our lives, we see that the true scoffer will not learn from their punishment or discipline. They will persist in their wickedness. They will continue to defy God and try to blame Him for their own sin and for the consequences that come upon them. Their blindness and slavery to sin will lead them to hate God—who is truly righteous and good. It will lead them to defy laws of right and wrong within society, and within the family. It will lead them to ruin what is good there. Thus they must be stopped. God will ultimately judge them, and He has delegated authority to government to deal with it here within society on earth, and to parents to deal with it within families. That is the only way that further decay and ruin can be prevented.
Though the true scoffer will not learn and be teachable themselves, everyone else should seek to learn by seeing the scoffer’s way of life. How?
First, to learn from the scoffer’s way, we need to see the scoffer’s judgment that has been predestined by God. None will escape it. Be wise and learn from these descriptions of what is to come.
Second, we need to see that for society to thrive and heaven to be righteous the scoffer’s judgment is what he needs and deserves. It is just and righteous. We should encourage and aid our governments in righteously dealing with wickedness. We should praise God for His mercy, and His righteous judgment.
Third, we need to see that everyone, including ourselves, become scoffers when we do not repent of our sin and trust in Jesus for His way of redemption through the cross. Thus, we need to examine our lives, humble ourselves before God, and admit the reality of our own sin and its consequences. Then we need to run to Jesus for redemption.
Fourthly, we need to see that God has determined to save many sinners. This has implications. It is why He came into this world—to seek and save that which was lost (Luke 19:10). Thus, while we cannot save ourselves, there is a way of salvation. It is by trusting what Jesus did on the cross to pay our penalty and to give us His righteousness that we are rescued. Trust Him as the only way of salvation. Then we need to keep running to Him, depending on Him, and trusting Him so that we did not go back into elements of our old scoffing way of living. The depravity and influence of sin runs deep. Only in Jesus is their victory day by day until the time He comes back and finishes His bodily redemption of us. Beyond that, we need to see that in God’s perfect, eternal plan to save many sinners, He has actually given to us a part in bringing this about. We have a redemptive purpose for our lives while we are still on this earth.
God has predetermined to use us to make disciples of all nations as Matthew 28:18-20 reveals. He has determined through the foolishness of our preaching to open people’s eyes to their need for Him (Romans 10:13-15, 1 Corinthians 1:21). His Spirit will take what we share and apply it to their lives, open their eyes, and save them. We are the messengers. We are His body to accomplish His purposes at His direction. We are ambassadors for Him of the good news of the gospel. It alone, by the power of God’s Spirit, can transform us from being scoffers under judgment to sons and daughters destined for eternity within His blessing. Will you be faithful to carry out God’s predetermined plan? Or will you ignore it?
Clearly understanding these truths about God’s predestined plan to judge the wicked should cause us to be eternally thankful to God for His undeserved, merciful salvation to us personally. That judgment is what we deserve too. Apart from the undeserved mercy of God that is what we would all receive. These truths should cause us to exalt and praise Him. It should cause us to share His good news of salvation with others who are still under the curse of judgment. It should encourage our hearts that God will save some of them through us. It should encourage us to know that God has made a way of salvation that He is miraculously, continuously, and purposely spreading to all nations through us so that people from throughout the world would receive His mercy. What an amazing plan of predestination God has prepared from before the foundation of the world that includes both His judgments and His mercy! (Ephesians 1:3-4)
By the same token, the opposite reality of these truths should also temper our expectations and viewpoint. While we should be excited and encouraged to share the good news of God’s grace, many people will refuse it as they continue on in the blindness of their sinful defiance of God. Similarly, while we have every reason to exult in God’s gracious kindness to us, we have no reason whatsoever to be proud or to look down on those who do not yet believe or who never will. These truths teach us that we are no better than any of them. There was nothing of our own merit or innate goodness or anything else that caused God to save us and love us. It was only the undeserved grace of God which opened our eyes. It was completely by His mercy that we believed and turned from being scoffers to being on His way of redeemed wisdom.
Conclusion
In conclusion as we sum things up to apply this proverb to our lives, ask yourself where you are honestly at in your life. Are you living as a scoffer, defying God, ignoring Him, and living as if you were the god of your own life? If so, do not confirm yourself in that scoffing way of life! Turn from it before it is too late. Receive the free gift of faith, and eternal life. Surrender to Jesus. Trust Him as your Lord and Savior.
If you have turned from your scoffing way of life and trusted in Jesus, then beware of that manner of life coming back and soiling your life. Beware of pride creeping in, deceiving you, and ruining your life and testimony. Keep running to God’s Word for His wisdom. Let His truth and righteousness guide your tongue. Let it guide your work ethic. Let it guide your relationship to your parents, to your spouse, to your kids, to fellow believers, to your boss, to your church, to your government, and to every other relationship that you have. Follow the wisdom of God on the right way to live. Do not scoff at God’s standards of righteousness. Trust them to be right and best.
When God’s Word tells husbands to live in understanding of their wives and honor them, to not be embittered against them, to love as Christ loved the church, and to lead or be great by serving, then examine how to do that and depend on God to actually do it (1 Peter 3:7, Colossians 3:19, Ephesians 5:25, Mark 9:35, 10:43). Do not scoff at it because it is hard or goes against every feeling of your sinful flesh at times. Likewise, when God’s Word tells wives (Titus 2:3-5) to submit to their husbands, to love their husbands and children, to be workers at home, to be kind, to not gossip, to not be enslaved to wine, and to teach what is good, then run to God for the strength and ability to do it. Do not make excuses.
Do not buy the lies of your flesh or our culture on what it says is most important, truly fulfilling, or financially needful. Do not scoff at God’s Word. Obey it. When God’s Word (Ephesians 6:1-3) tells children to honor and obey their parents, do not scoff at that. Trust God that He knows best. Obey it.
When God’s Word says not to lie, not to steal, not to let the sun go down on our anger, to work with our hands to provide for our needs, to help others, to make disciples, to use our spiritual gifts to help other believers, to go into all the world, and to do all the other things that we are called to do in God’s Word, obey it. Do it wholeheartedly unto God—not as man-pleasers, but truly unto the glory of God. When we truly do all that we do for Him, it is so freeing. We do not need the praise of people. We do not even need have to have everyone else around us be living faithfully for the Lord like they ought for us to do so. Likewise, on the other side, we are not devastated by the criticisms of people, or the persecutions of the world. We are personally in awe of God’s grace to us in rescuing us from our utter depravity and are now serving Him for His glory and praise and nothing else. May we keep our eyes on Jesus so that we keep this perspective.
May we not be among those who scoff at God’s Word. May we not foolishly pick and choose what we will obey, but honestly, humbly, and teachably trust that God’s way is not just best for our eternal salvation from sin, but for every single aspect of our lives until we die and go to be with Him.
If you have any questions on any of this or want help in coming to know Jesus as your Lord and Savior please come talk with us. We are available. Let’s pray.
© 2025, Kevin A. Dodge, All rights reserved.
Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations taken from the New American Standard Bible® (NASB),Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. www.Lockman.org
English (US) · 